AD 1939–1958

Pius XII

Historians continue to debate whether his wartime public silence about the extermination of the Jews was prudence that saved lives or a moral failure; Vatican archives for his pontificate opened in 2020.

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Years served
AD 1939–1958
Biography
A career diplomat, Pius XII led the Church through the Second World War, defined the Assumption in 1950, and authorised modern biblical criticism in Divino Afflante Spiritu.
Historical context
Total war, the Shoah and the beginning of the Cold War.
Major events
  • Divino Afflante Spiritu (1943)
  • Definition of the Assumption, Munificentissimus Deus (1950)
  • Mediator Dei (1947) on the liturgy
Historical significance
Historians continue to debate whether his wartime public silence about the extermination of the Jews was prudence that saved lives or a moral failure; Vatican archives for his pontificate opened in 2020.

Sources and References