AD 1846–1878
Pius IX
He turned the papacy into a spiritual rather than territorial power, while his condemnations of liberalism remain contested.
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- Years served
- AD 1846–1878
- Biography
- The longest reigning pope, Pius IX defined the Immaculate Conception, convoked Vatican I, and lost the Papal States to the new Italian state in 1870.
- Historical context
- European liberalism, nationalism and the unification of Italy.
- Major events
- Ineffabilis Deus (1854)
- Syllabus of Errors (1864)
- First Vatican Council (1869–1870)
- Historical significance
- He turned the papacy into a spiritual rather than territorial power, while his condemnations of liberalism remain contested.
Sources and References
- Pastor Aeternus (1870)papalencyclicals.net