AD 1073–1085
Gregory VII
His reform freed episcopal appointments from lay control and defined papal claims for centuries.
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- Years served
- AD 1073–1085
- Biography
- A monk and long-serving papal administrator, Gregory forbade lay investiture and simony, excommunicated Henry IV, and died in exile at Salerno.
- Historical context
- Bishoprics were routinely sold or granted by secular rulers.
- Major events
- Dictatus Papae (1075)
- Henry IV's penance at Canossa (1077)
- Historical significance
- His reform freed episcopal appointments from lay control and defined papal claims for centuries.
Sources and References
- Dictatus Papaesourcebooks.fordham.edu